- Clarify language used for organizing information in the context of cause effect relationship.
- Practice of language used for organizing information in the context of cause effect relationship.
- Review of information organization in the context of cause effect relationship.
Lead-in
Read the following quote and answer the questions that follow.
- Does causality exist?
- What are the consequences if you do nothing?
Clarification: Cause and effect relationship
Cause and effect is a common way to organize information in a text. Paragraphs structured as cause and effect explain reasons why something happened or the effects of something.
For example, a text may say that when the weather is cold, a person may start to shiver. The cold weather here is the cause and the shivering is the effect of the cold weather.
Cause and effect helps us engaged in the writing process to organize and structure the information into a logical form in paragraphs.
The paragraphs can be ordered as causes and effects or as effects and then causes. The cause and effect text structure is generally used in informational texts,
expository and persuasive writing. We can also find cause and effect relationships in stories.
Signal Words and Phrases
Signal words, conjunctions, prepositions or transitions, are signposts that help guide us through the terrain of the writer's thoughts. They help connect the ideas in a text or the events in a story. Often they do this by answering implicit questions.
Conjunctions
The most important conjunctions are because, as, since, and so. “Because”, "as”, and “since” introduce a cause and “so” introduces an effect. These are used to join two complete sentences (or independent clauses) together. They are often used like this:
First sentence conjunction second sentence.
Rani was not considered for the job because her computer skills were poor.
Rani was not considered for the job as her computer skills were poor.
Rani was not considered for the job since her computer skills were poor.
Rani's computer skills were poor, so she was not considered for the job.
We can also reverse the order of the sentences with because, as, and since.
Because Rani's computer skills were poor, she was not considered for the job.
As Rani's computer skills were poor, she was not considered for the job.
Since Rani's computer skills were poor, she was not considered for the job.
(use a comma between the first and second sentences). Note: this is not possible with “so”.
Prepositions
The most important prepositions are due to and because of. Both of these introduce a cause in the form of a noun phrase. They are often used like this:
Sentence due to noun phrase.
Because of noun phrase, sentence.
Rani was not considered for the job due to her poor computer skills.
Because of her poor computer skills, Rani was not considered for the job.
Transitions
The most important transitions are therefore, as a result, and consequently. All of these introduce an effect. These are used to join two complete sentences (or independent clauses) together. They are often used like this:
First sentence; transition, second sentence.
First sentence. transition, second sentence.
Rani's computer skills were poor; therefore, she was not considered for the job.
Rani's computer skills were poor; as a result, she was not considered for the job.
Rani's computer skills were poor. Consequently, she was not considered for the job.
Asking Why Questions
We often use 'WHY' hundreds of times a day, not just in our conversations with others, "Why Rani was not consider for the job? Why we must stay at home?
Why we must stay apart?, but in our own self-talk as well.
When we try to be introspective, we tend to ask ourselves, “Why did you act that way? Why are your feelings so hurt right now? Why don't you think before you speak? Why do you have to learn English?”
Why Question is used to obtain an explanation or a reason. I want to know the reason, the cause of an event or situation or something that provides an explanation.
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